Relationship to Attachment Style free essay sample

Two hundred and ninety eight participants (216 female, 82 male) between the ages of 17 and 68 years answered an online questionnaire containing a scale derived from the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (Wei, Russell, Mallinckrodt, Vogel, 2007), Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) scale and Gross and Johns (2003) scale. Contrary to expectations there was no significant difference between the secure group and fearful group for impulse control difficulties. However there were significant findings for differences between secure attachment groups and insecure attachment groups for emotion regulation. It was concluded that attachment style plays a key role in emotion regulation, including whether those regulations are positive or negative. Further research should be conducted using a more diverse sample, with a focus on gender in order to identity the role of attachment style better. Introduction According to recent research early childhood interactions with caregivers have a profound influence over our capacities for emotion regulation later in life (Diamond, Hicks Otter-Henderson, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship to Attachment Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact these early interactions not only influence cognitive-behavioural aspects of emotion regulation, but also physiological processes such as sensitivity to stress and managing stress related metabolic demands (Diamond, Hicks Otter-Henderson). Attachment styles can be described as â€Å"trait-like expectations concerning the responsiveness of attachment figures† (Diamond, Hicks Otter-Henderson) and are formed by our experiences with caregivers during childhood. More importantly these attachment styles have been used as a method for classifying different capacities and strategies for emotion regulation (Mikulincer, Shaver, Pereg, 2003). The original model for attachment theory proposed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) consisted of three factors; these were known as secure, anxious-ambivalent and avoidant (Cooper, Shaver Collins, 1998). Secure attachment in adults can be defined by the characteristics of self confidence, social adeptness and stability in long term relationships (Cooper, Shaver Collins). When parents are consistently responsive, children are likely to develop this secure attachment whereby they openly communicate their emotions and form a readiness to rely on their parent when distressed (Gentzler, Kerns Keener, 2010). Adults categorised as avoidant display signs of awkwardness when dealing with closeness to others. They are also less likely to enter long term relationships and are generally socially inept (Cooper, Shaver Collins). Children with unresponsive parents are more likely to develop avoidant attachments (Gentzler, Kerns Keener). Anxious-ambivalent adults are likely to lack self confidence and show signs of jealousy, anger and fear of rejection or abandonment. Despite the perils they experience in romantic relationships are they eager to enter them and are prone to fall in love quickly and indiscriminately (Cooper, Shaver Collins). Inconsistent parenting may lead to anxious-ambivalent attachments. The 3-factor model previously mentioned was prevalent in attachment theory. However Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) developed a 4-factor model to better explain adult attachment where avoidant attachment is divided into separate categories; fearful and dismissing. Bartholomew and Horowitz suggested that the original avoidant category may â€Å"obscure conceptually separable patterns of avoidance in adulthood† (Bartholomew and Horowitz). Anxious-ambivalent is labelled preoccupied in this model, however represents the same as Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) attachment group. The model is divided into two separate categories; model of self and model of others and each working model can be either negative or positive depending on attachment style. The secure group have both a positive view of themselves and of others. The preoccupied group have a positive view of others but negative view of themselves. Individuals who are dismissing have a negative view of other people but a positive view of themselves and people who are fearful have both a negative view of themselves and others. As can be seen, the 4-factor better conceptualises the difference between attachment styles and their implications for relationships in adults. In addition to both working models, a scale developed by Wei, Russell, Mallinckrodt and Vogel (2007) called the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale or ECR determines whether a person belongs to a secure or insecure attachment style by measuring their levels of avoidance and anxiety towards themselves and others. For example people who score high for either or both of these dimensions will be classified as insecure, while those who score low on both are typically secure. Emotion Regulation can be defined as â€Å"the set of processes whereby people seek to redirect the spontaneous flow of their emotions† (Koole, 2009). Research has indicated that caregivers and thus, developed attachment styles may play a key role in how an individual regulates their emotions (Southam-Gerow Kandell, 2002). Previous research has shown that securely attached people are more likely to develop adaptive ways of coping with negative emotions in contrast to insecurely attached people (Cooper, Shaver Collins, 1998). The present study will be focusing on three aspects of emotion regulation; suppression of emotions, impulse control, that is the inability to control emotions when upset and cognitive reappraisal where an individual will impose control of their emotions. Differences between attachment groups and emotion regulation, more specifically the aforementioned forms of emotion regulation will be examined in the present study. The study will examine whether or not there is a link between problematic ways of regulating emotions such as impulse control difficulties and the insecure attachment groups. Additionally, it will be looked at as to whether the secure group employ a more problem focused approach when confronted with emotional difficulties. In line with previous studies (Cooper, Shaver Collins,1998) it is predicted that the insecure groups will have greater problems with emotion regulation than the secure group. More specifically it is predicted that the preoccupied group will suffer greater impulse control difficulties than the secure group, along with lower level of reappraisal. It is predicted that the dismissive group will have greater suppression of emotions than the secure group, but little differences in impulse control difficulties. Finally it is predicted that the fearful group will have greater suppression of emotions, greater impulse difficulties and lower levels of reappraisal than the secure group. It is unknown as to whether the dismissive group will differ in reappraisal scores compared to the secure group, so this will also be explored. Method Participants

the plague essays

the plague essays Love and Marriage its an instution you cant dispear it it. Anyone could tell you that it is elementary. You cant have one with out an other. Love and marriage. This is one of my favorite quotes. It is actually token from a line of a Frank Sinatra song named Love and Marriage. The song is also a lead of to one of my all time favorite shows Married With Children . The show is driven by the husband and wife, Al and Peggy Bundy. Al and Peggy are complete opposites and prented to hate eachother on the show. It sure provides for some good comedy. The real problem with Al and Peggy is that they dont know how to communicate effectively with each other. Communication is the bear essiental of life and any relationship that wants longevity to it. Men and women need to realize to better communicate with each other they need to both understand how each feels and thinks. Men and women are like cats and dogs. That statement holds true to the most part. Men and women are very different yet are alike on many levels. Men and women tend to think and feel different about life, love, and relationships. You take any guy and he could tell you a 100 things wrong about women. Take any girl and she could tell you a 1000 things wrong about a man. Yet what many people trying to build relationships is how alike both men and women are. There are usually two sides to every story. And the same goes for men and women. Lets use type A and B man and type A and B girl to start off. These are of course stereotypes and not every man and women is going to fall under group A or B category. Lets start with Type A girl. Type A girl is the perfect example of a lady and acts like one in every way. Type A girl always uses her manners and is looking for the perfect prince to sweep her off her feet. Some of Type As hobbies include shopping at the mall all day, sitting around the home watching soaps, and...

The High Cost of Cool Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The High Cost of Cool - Assignment Example Concurrently, Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus (2002), outline these eight factors as convenience, cost, moral acceptability, sharing responsibility, safety, reversibility, protection from sexually transmitted illness and effectiveness. The notes offer a vivid explanation of these factors and the various risks and percentages of success associated with each commonly used contraception method (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2002). The weekly-dispensed reading is on body image. Infocus portrays the body representation and the role it plays in sexuality. The article offers an exhaustive tale on the media’s obsession with creating impracticable body images to their audience. Suggestions on how to improve one’s image are given. The article notes numerous problems allied with undesirable body image. These include eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia, use of steroid and superficial operation. Infocus notes weight, weight allotment within the body frame, one’s discernment of physical appearance, individual impression of excellent physical look, ethnic backdrop, and in people around us. Notable in the article is the fact that that body appearance influences an individual’s confidence and sexual behavior. A majority of women suffer from the pressure of not having an outstanding body image (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2002). According to Infocus, the elusive perfect body linked with athletes and models is not as faultless as contemplated. The article terms the ideas advanced by the media that only a few individuals are of exceptionally physically gift as fallacious. It points at the fact that some of these images, presented in the media, undergo numerous manipulations before final presentation to the viewers. The article observes that the coveted female and representations in the media outlets that are so coveted is idealistic. Frontline notes

Global study 300 Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global 300 - Case Study Example obalization, which has led to opening up of economies to global competition, giving room to ideas, goods, capital and people to interact and move freely between countries. Free market, justice to all people, and personal freedom are elements of neoliberalism. It relates to Washington consensus in the sense that it encourages economic policies that aimed to reform and repair the damaged economies of third world countries. He thinks so because via education and government accountability poverty can be eliminated but the movie End of Poverty disagrees because corruption and poor policies to eradicate poverty does not exists. In sum, government is not committed to eliminating poverty. Globalization has destabilized the economies of poor states and uncovered people to harmful competition. Their concern is rational and understandable especially since the gap between the poor and the rich has become more prevalent in recent ages. Poverty can be deliberated in various ways, for instance, relative to a nation’s individual average consumption level or in terms of well being of citizens It is a believe that nations that they have the responsibility to protect its population and resources. It is controversial because states have failed to protect their population which have resulted in murder and massive

Marketing case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Marketing case analysis - Essay Example Accepting Sears’ proposal means that Goodyear would have to change its distribution policy. There can be certain changes such as including their own Goodyear seller that would carry this brand exclusively. The reason for doing this is that Goodyear would have their own channel through which it can sell more and more to its customers. The customers would not have to go anywhere else for buying Goodyear’s tires because Goodyear would have its stores made available everywhere within the customers’ reach. Also, it is said that channel of distribution must be selected carefully so that it is within access of most possible customers and provides a number of prospects (Linton, n.d.) . But there are some limitations as well. Firstly, the dealers might influence the customers to buy other brands because there are very few dealers who have the full knowledge of tires. Secondly, brand loyalty and tires have high tendency of being elastic in demand. One day, customer might w ant Goodyear but the other day the customer could decide to go for Sears or any other brand. Thirdly, product cannibalization might appear between Sears and the franchised dealers. Moreover, continuing sales to Sears would also trigger another concern that whether to sell the Eagle brand only or sell some other specific products as well. The other solution is to reject the proposal and maintain the status quo. This can cause a lot of problems. Already, Goodyear is facing decline in the current market position and loss of market share by 3.2%. There is high competition and Goodyear has no strong market share outside the American continent. The cut throat competition in both price and quality might cause greater problems for Goodyear. The conclusion lies with the decision of accepting the Sears proposal. By employing this action, there would be an increase in the distribution channel leading to an increment in the revenues for Goodyear. This would prove

Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay

Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay In the construction industry, projects can be delayed among large number of causes. There are different type and categories of delays found on construction Projects. Delay has major effect on completion cost and time of construction Project. Delays can be minimized if they were identifying causes. Knowing the cause of any particular delay in a construction project would help avoiding the same. Even though with different types of studies have been carried out to identify the factors influence the causes of delays, since the problems are quite related to the studies need to focus on specific geographical area, or region in Malaysia. A major appreciation of the Malaysia construction industry is due to the growing rate of delays in project delivery. In Malaysia most public work projects, including any construction projects under government authority or under privacy are awarded on a competitive basis using the traditional approach. The consultants and contractors are engaged in separate contracts. The contractors commonly would be involved until the whole project have been completed 1.3 Aim and objective of study 1.3.1 Aim To investigate delays pertaining in construction projects in Malaysia 1.3.2 Objective To identify the major causes of delays in construction project; To identify the effects of delays in construction project; and To identify the methods of minimizing construction delays. 1.4 Background of the study Construction delay is major problems frequent occur in the construction industry. Delays adversely impact on project stakeholders including owners, design professionals, construction professionals, purchaser and others. The main objectives of construction projects are cost, time, quality and safety numerous According to Assaf, et al. (1995) mentioned the most important causes in large building construction projects in Saudi Arabia which included approval of shop drawings, delays in payment to contractors and the resulting cash problems during construction, design changes, conflict in work schedules of subcontractors, slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in owners organizations, design errors, labor shortage and inadequate labor skill. Refer to causes of delay in Saudi Arabia, the major parties to lead the delay happen which include client and contractor. Because of client always change the design of building. Besides that, late responds and poor project management team and also delay pay month payment to the contractor by client. On the other hand, contactor due to not enough worker during work progress and some argument with sub-contractor. According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the delays in building project in Thailand, as an example of problem faced by the developing economies. They concluded that the problems of the construction industry in developing economies can be nested in three layers: problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry infrastructure, mainly supply of resources; problems caused by clients and consultants; and problems caused by incompetence of contractors. Construction in Thailand because some parties fault due to project delay such as contractor consultant and. During construction stage the client because of changing certain part of design and lack of experience could not solve the problem immediately. Besides client, designer is one of the parties because of own fault which is give unclear drawing to the contractor due to lack in experience. On the hand, the other parties which is contractor because of facing in poor management team, improper planning and scheduling and also inadequacy o f site inspection. According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) surveyed and classified the causes of construction delays in Hongkong as seen by clients, contractor and consultants, and examined the factors affecting productivity. The results of their research indicate that the five principal and common causes of delays are: poor site management and supervision; unforeseen ground condition; low speed of decision making involving all projects team; client initiated variations; and necessary variation of works. Construction delay in Hongkong, the parties related to delay project include client, consultants, contractor and some relevant party. Factor to related delay by client such as client frequent delay make payment to contractor and also suffer in financial problem. Besides client, designer because of lack of experience always make mistake in drawing and late process design document. On the other hand, factor to cause contractor delay project which include lack of experience in project team and also poor site management and supervisions. Other than that, material is also one of the causes. During construction stages, material shortage and material changes to cause project delay. Identified the effects of delays in construction projects have been undertaken by some researchers. According to AIbinu and Jagboro (2002),identified the six effects of delays were time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, total abandonment, and litigation. The results of their studied about the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry, shows time overrun and cost overrun were the frequent effects of delays in construction projects. In construction industry, the effect of project delay because of time and cost overrun. In this situation, some of the faults parties need to take responsibility to pay the loss and expense to those parties suffer in damage. Several studies have been studied and recommended the methods of minimizing delays in construction projects. Nguyen, et al (2004), identified five critical success factors could be applied to reduce the effects of delays includes: competent project manager; adequate funding until project completion; multidisciplinary/competent project team; commitment to projects; and availability of resources. To minimizing the project delay during the construction stage, first of all a client needs to hire an experience project manager. Once the problem of delay happen, the project manager can solve immediately. Besides that, the project team member should communicate with other team member. Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) in their study also identified two methods to reduce or if possible eliminate time overrun were acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance. The contractor must take full responsibility during work progress. Once contractor found out actual work progress are not similar with estimate and he must take some action to avoid the project delay such as involve some additional worker. According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) recommended four methods includes: developing human resources in the construction industry through proper training and classification of craftsman; adopting a new approach to contract award procedure by giving less weight to prices and more weight to the capabilities and past performance of contractors; and adopting new approaches to contracting, such as design-build and construction management (CM) type of contracts. 1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the research will focus on literature review and a questionnaire. Projects investigate in this research included school building, church, office, hospital, communication facilities and etc. The survey will conduct in Malaysia. The questionnaire survey will design based on factors identify from literature review that contributed to causes of delays, effects of delays and methods to minimize delays. A questionnaire will developed to assess the perceptions of contractors and consultants of the relative importance of the causes and the effects of construction delays. The developed survey questionnaire will distributed to the target respondent in Malaysia. 1.6 Outline methodology Stage 1: Literature review The review of literature has provided useful information based on the causes, effects, reactions and possible solution related to the issues delay project in construction industries. Stage 2: Pilot study Data collection will take the form of a structured postal questionnaire. However, an initial pilot study will be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through in-depth interviews with three contract manager. Stage 3: Main survey questionnaire and questionnaire go through with interview. The feedback from the pilot study should assist in finalizing the questionnaire and prepare the ground for main survey. The questions with centre around the areas mentioned in the above objectives. In order to obtain a high level of response, a multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 question and 10 questions which are go through with interview. Open questions are considered to be inappropriate as they would required the respondents to formulate an answer which needs lengthier input and will therefore be more difficult to analyze. Stage 4: Analyzing the postal and interview questionnaire This stage is analysis of the questionnaire to determine the level of agreement or disagreement by the respondents to each question within the questionnaire by counting the number of respondents who answer favorably or unfavorably. Besides that, analyze the questions which is done by interview to determine how the contractor to solve the delaying problem of project. Stage 5: Writing the research report The stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapter proposed in the following section. Proposed contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature review Chapter 3 Research design and method of analysis Chapter 4: Analysis of the result and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and future study evidence

Nationalism of the Roundhouse Kick: Traditional Japanese Martial Arts

There are many aspects of Japanese culture and society that make it one of the most well-liked countries in the world today, at least according to the Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index. The technological innovations stemming from the country and the reputation of companies such as Honda, Toyota, Nintendo, and Sony make for an international focus on Japan’s industrial prowess. Added to that is the ever-rising popularity of manga and anime, and altogether, they form a strong nationalist feeling in Japan, yet entirely different from the nationalism of the wartime period. However, there is another facet of Japanese culture rooted in historical significance that evokes an alternate sense of pride within the population: martial arts. It is important not only to look at the physical aspects of these martial arts tradition, but the mental ones as well. Through the historical background of types of Japanese martial arts such as karate-do, jujutsu, aikido, and kenjutsu, the progress ion of the arts and a break from their origins, and eventually their place in Japanese sports and society today (karate, judo, kendo, and sumo), we will see how Japanese martial arts shifted back and forth between military and physical philosophy, and pacifist and Zen-like philosophy. To begin, it is generally difficult to pinpoint a consensus date for the commencement of a martial arts tradition in Japan because the learning of these arts was mostly done orally and through practice. It is by and large agreed upon that all of the Oriental martial arts have their roots in China, from the founder of Zen Buddhism, the Indian monk Bodhidarma (Daruma for the Japanese), in the 6th century. The principles of Zen Buddhism would later be reflected in most of the ph... ...sian Martial Arts 3, no. 4 (1994): 63-75. Official Website of the Olympic Movement. Athletes. http://www.olympic.org/athletes, (assessed April 3, 2012). Saotome Mitsugi. The Princples of Aikido. Boston: Shambhala, 1989. Skidmore, Max J. â€Å"Oriental Contributions to Western Popular Culture: The Martial Arts,† Journal of Popular Culture 25, no. 1 (1991): 129-148. Sumo. Japan Guide. http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2080.html, (assessed April 3, 2012). Suzuki Tatsuo, Karate-Do. New York: Perigee Books, 1984. Tan, Kevin S. Y. â€Å"Constructing a Martial Tradition: Rethinking a Popular History of Karaet-dou.† Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26, no. 2 (2004): 169-192, doi: 10.1177/0193723504264772. World Karate Federation. 20th World Karate Federation Championship Results. http://www.wkf. net/index.php? option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=58, (assessed April 3, 2012).